Terengganu

Terengganu登嘉樓，舊稱丁加奴，是馬來西亞位於西馬的州屬，東臨南中國海。西北部與吉蘭丹州交界，西南部有彭亨州，東部面向南中國海。登嘉樓面積12955平方公里，人口101萬人，首府是瓜拉登嘉樓（KualaTerengganu）。馬來人859,402或94%，華人42,970或5%，印度人4,355，其他3,238(1995年統計數字)。登嘉樓之馬來文《爪哇史頌》本為Trengganu，葡萄牙人Talagano，後來改成Terengganu。華文名稱方面，中國宋代《諸蕃志》中稱登牙儂。元代《島夷志略》稱丁家廬，元代《大德南海志》作丁茄蘆，明代《鄭和航海圖》中作丁家下路，清代《海國見聞錄》作丁葛奴。1957年8月31日馬來亞聯合邦自英國殖民者手中獨立以來，Terengganu的中文譯名一直都是丁加奴，包括馬來西亞所有中小學的華文教科書都用丁加奴。2004年9月，當地華人以丁加奴此名帶有貶義，即添「丁」「加」做「奴」才或「奴」隸為由，正式向馬來西亞華語規範理事會要求改名為登嘉樓，他們認為登嘉樓的字形具美感，且有「登」上更「嘉」一層「樓」之意，較為吉祥。當地華人也提出登嘉樓此詞在該地已使用了30年之久。20世紀70年 代，當地華人開始用登嘉樓這名稱，當地一些華族會館有用此名，例如「登嘉樓海南會館」，「登嘉樓福建會館」等，另外當地商家及各華團多用登嘉樓。某些人對 此事有其他意見，；例如有者認為「登嘉樓」三字筆劃多，書寫不便，建議沿用原來的「丁加」二字，把「奴」改成「努」，也有「努力」的含意。2005年4月8日，馬來西亞華語規範理事會經過多次開會討論後正式宣布，決定使用「登嘉樓」，州首府瓜拉丁加奴則改稱瓜拉登嘉樓，而全馬來西亞的中小學華文教科書也將逐漸改名。

登嘉樓最早的記載出現於中國商人與航海家的紀錄。中國宋代《諸蕃志》中的登牙儂。14世紀初葉，航海家汪大淵造訪此地，在所著《島夷志略》一書有專篇《丁家廬》記載：「山高曠，田中下，民足食，春多雨，氣候微熱，男女椎髻，穿綠頡布短衫，繫遮裡絹。……產降真、黃蠟、玳瑁。」。15世紀《鄭和航海圖》中作「丁家下路」。《明史》卷三二五作「丁機宜」。一如馬來其他的州屬，丁加奴在伊斯蘭教未傳入前，是佛教與印度教的文化混合萬物有靈論的傳統信仰社會。8世紀左右，丁加奴屬於三佛齊的勢力下，1365年成為滿者伯夷帝國的籓屬，15世紀成為滿剌加蘇丹國(馬六甲王朝)的一部份，16世紀臣服於暹羅。18世紀出現首位蘇丹，1909年大英帝國取代暹羅取得了對丁加奴的控制，屬於大英帝國不列顛之保護領。而後丁加奴成為大英帝國的馬來屬邦之一。1928年發生人民起義反抗英國統治。二戰期間，馬來西亞為日本佔領，日本政府將吉蘭丹、吉打、玻璃市、丁加奴歸入暹羅的一部份。而後日軍挫敗，上述馬來亞各邦再度回到英國控制之下。1948年丁加奴成為馬來亞聯合邦的一部份。1957年成為獨立的馬來亞的一州。

Terengganu是 馬來西亞伊斯蘭教的堡壘，州內的伊斯蘭教信徒眾多，其伊斯蘭規定相較於其他州也較為嚴格。馬來西亞的政治制度類似瑞士，採取地方分權的精神建國，不過每個 州都象徵性地保留著昔日的蘇丹，除了檳城、玻璃市週與沙巴等紹數原本就無蘇丹的州之外，馬來西亞境內的各州都有蘇丹，由於是地方分權，因此各州的規定不 一，所以整個馬來西亞的政治制度有同中求異的特色。而馬來西亞東岸因為伊斯蘭教的信徒眾多，因此民風趨於保守，而伊斯蘭教信徒多的地方，馬來人佔了大部分 的人口比例，華人向對而言也較少，像是Terangganu的華人只佔當地人口的百分之五左右，但是當地的華人多半已經在當地生活好幾代，也經營店鋪在當地做生意。

Terengganu (Jawi: ترڠڬانو, formerly spelled Trengganu or Tringganu) is a sultanate and constitutive state of federal Malaysia. The state is also known by its Arabic honorific, Darul Iman ("Abode of Faith"). The coastal city of Kuala Terengganu which stands at the mouth of the broad Terengganu River is both the state and royal capital as well as the largest city in Terengganu. There are several theories on the origin of the name 'Terengganu'. One theory attributes the name's origin to terang ganu, Malay for 'bright rainbow'. Another story, said to have been originally narrated by the ninth Sultan of Terengganu, Baginda Omar, tells of a party of hunters from Pahang roving and hunting in the area of what is now southern Terengganu. One of the hunters spotted a big animal fang lying on the ground. A fellow party member asked to which animal did the fang belong. The hunter, not knowing which animal, simply answered taring anu (Malay: 'fang of something'). The party later returned to Pahang with a rich hoard of game, fur and sandalwood, which impressed their neighbors. They asked the hunters where did they source their riches, to which they replied, from the land of taring anu, which later evolved into Terengganu. Terengganu was called Trangkanu (Thai: ตรังกานู) by the Siamese when it was under their influence.

 

The traditional Chinese name for Terengganu has been "丁加奴" (Pinyin: dīngjiānú), which is a direct transliteration of the Malay name. However, in recent years, the Chinese community in Terengganu has raised objections to the name, citing that the characters used loosely translate to "giving birth to a child who will become a slave" (Chinese: 添丁加做奴). Therefore, they successfully petitioned the regulatory commission for Chinese language in Malaysia to change the Chinese name for the state to "登嘉楼" (Pinyin: dēngjiālóu), which can be loosely translated to "aspiring/stepping up to a higher level", in September 2004. It is worth noting, however, that the new name has been in unofficial use by the state's Chinese society for at least 30 years before its official adoption. There are certain segments of the Chinese society who opposed to the name change, citing the fact that the new name contains too many character strokes, making it much more difficult to write. They have proposed to revert the name back to the version used before 2004, but with the word "奴" (slavery, which was mainly the cause of the controversy) to the similar sounding, but more positive "努" (perseverance).

Terengganu is situated in north-eastern Peninsular Malaysia, and is bordered in the northwest by Kelantan, the southwest by Pahang, and the east by the South China Sea. Several outlying islands, including Pulau Perhentian, Pulau Kapas and Pulau Redang, are also a part of the state. The state has a total area of 12,955 km². Terengganu has a population of 1,080,286 (2006 census), of which Malays make up 94.7% of the population and Chinese, 2.6%, while Indians 0.2% and other ethnic groups comprise the remainder, 2.4%. In the year 2000, the state's population was only 48.7% urban; the majority lived in rural areas. By the 2005 census, the proportions had changed significantly, with 51% of the population living in urban areas and 49% in the rural areas. The people of Terengganu generally speak Terengganese Malay, which is distinct from standard Malay and Kelantanese Malay, except for those in Besut district and Perhentian Islands who speak Kelantanese.

Terengganu used to be Malaysia's poorest state until oil and gas were discovered off its coastline not too long ago. Terengganu's main industry now is petroleum and gas. There are huge petrochemical complexes near Paka and Kerteh, involving many joint ventures between the Malaysian national oil company, Petronas, and foreign multinationals. Tourism and fishing are also major industries in Terengganu, a state with a long coastline. Agriculture also remains important, with banana, rambutan, durian, watermelon, and various other fruits and vegetables available in season. Terengganu was traditionally famous for boat-building, with highly decorated carved wooden boats called bangau to be found in the harbor of every village and town in days not so long gone by, before electric motorboats became standard equipment for the state's fishermen.

Terengganu did not receive many Indian or Chinese migrants, and therefore Malay cultural influences predominate. Traditional pursuits such as kite-flying contests, top-spinning contests, and traditional arts & crafts, such as batik and songket are still very much alive. The people of Terengganu have always had a reputation for being socially conservative and devout Muslims. The major tourist attractions in the state include: Kuala Terengganu, the capital; Tasik Kenyir, a large artificial lake; Sekayu Waterfalls; Kuala Ibai Lagoons; Batu Burok Beach, Kemasik Beach, Rantau Abang, Marang, Chukai town and several offshore islands such as Pulau Redang, Pulau Lang Tengah, and Pulau Kapas, and the Pulau Perhentian, which attract beachgoers and snorkelers because of their picture perfect beaches. Many travelers find the relatively rural and tranquil atmosphere in the state conducive to a relaxing holiday. Terengganu has recently been known internationally as the host of Monsoon Cup, which was first held in 2005 and then became an annual national sporting event. The event brought millions of ringgit of investment into the state from the private sectors and Malaysian Government. Tourists flocked to Kuala Terengganu and Duyong to witness this event, held during the monsoon season, which had previously been low season for tourism in Terengganu.